Clinical Manifestations of Obesity in Children and Adolescents

• Cardiovascular
• Hypertension
• Hypercholesterolemia
• ↑ Triglycerides
• ↑ Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
• ↑ Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
• ↓ High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
• PulmonaryHepatic steatosis
• Primary alveolar hypoventilation
• Endocrine
• Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistanc
• Early menarch
• ↑ Estradiol and estron
• Oligospermia
• Musculoskeletal
• Slipped capital femoral epiphysisBlount diseas
• Gastrointestina
• Cholelithiasi
• Hepatic steatosi
• Neurologi
• Pseudotumor cerebri
• Dermatologic
  
• Acanthosis nigricans
  
• Immunologi
• Impaired cell-mediated immunity